The article examines one of the directions of the social policy of the Russian state summoned to provide social protection for motherhood and childhood. The author discusses the problems of implementing the state family policy, guarantees for the protection of the family, motherhood and childhood; reveals the shortcomings of the constitutional regulation of the institution of family and childhood. Methodology and Approach. The author analyzes certain legislative changes and additions related to the regulation of various aspects of state support for motherhood and childhood. During the study, methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy, etc. were applied. Results. Based on law enforcement practice, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to further adjust the legislation in terms of eliminating the uncertainties of legal regulation of the procedure for assigning and paying certain types of benefits to citizens with children. Theoretical and Practical implications. The author substantiates the conditions of legal protection of rights and legitimate interests in the field of motherhood and childhood, identifies problems in the field of protection of the rights of minor children, and formulates key tasks of support for children.