Legal Models Regulating Human Cloning: From Prohibition to a Differentiated Approach

Aim. To analyze and systematize legal models regulating human cloning at the international and national levels, to identify key legal and bioethical conflicts, and to justify the need to convert from prohibitive approaches to the formation of an integrated regulatory mechanism.

Methodology. The paper provides a comparative legal analysis of international documents and national legislation of some states. The methods of systematization, legal interpretation and case-study are used. A normative and dogmatic approach has also been applied to assess gaps and contradictions in legal regulation.

Results. Three main models of cloning regulation have been identified. It is established that international standards are declarative and fragmented, and national legal systems demonstrate significant divergence. On example of Russia the legal gaps and internal contradictions in prohibitive regulation are shown. The conclusion is formulated about the systemic unpreparedness of the world community for an adequate legal response to the challenges of biotechnology.

Research implications. The work contributes to the development of bio-laws and the theory of regulatory management in the field of bioethics. The results can be used to improve legislation, develop international conventions, and harmonized standards. The practical significance lies in the proposal of specific measures to form a regulatory regime, including criminal sanctions, control procedures and preliminary determination of the legal status of the clone, which contributes to the transformation of cloning from a source of threats into a controlled tool of science and medicine.

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